A heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, leading to tissue damage. This is usually caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis), which may rupture and form a clot.
Symptoms
- Common Signs:
- Chest pain or discomfort (pressure, squeezing, or fullness), often in the center or left side.
- Pain or discomfort in arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
- Shortness of breath.
- Cold sweats, nausea, or lightheadedness.
- Atypical Symptoms (more common in women, older adults, and diabetics):
- Fatigue or weakness.
- Indigestion-like symptoms.
- Silent heart attacks, where symptoms are mild or absent.
Causes and Risk Factors
- Main Causes:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD): Narrowing/blocking of the arteries.
- Coronary spasm: Sudden narrowing of an artery.
- Risk Factors:
- Smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol.
- Diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle.
- Family history of heart disease.
Diagnosis
- Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG): Detects heart rhythm abnormalities.
- Blood Tests: Measures troponins, proteins released during heart muscle damage.
- Imaging Tests:
- Echocardiogram or coronary angiography to assess heart and blood flow.
Treatment
- Immediate Response:
- Call emergency services.
- Administer aspirin (if not allergic) to prevent further clotting.
- Use nitroglycerin (if prescribed) to improve blood flow.
- Medical Interventions:
- Angioplasty and Stenting: Opens blocked arteries.
- Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG): Redirects blood flow around blockages.
- Medications like thrombolytics (clot busters), beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and anticoagulants.
Prevention
- Maintain a heart-healthy lifestyle:
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Exercise regularly.
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol.
- Manage stress, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.
Heart attacks are serious but often preventable. Recognizing early signs and managing risk factors can save lives. Always consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice.
Last Updated On 9, December 2024.
